Modernist Art Form and Post Modernist Art Form Essay

Modernist Art Form and Post Modernist Art Form - Essay Example The essay "Modernist Art Form and Post Modernist Art Form" discovers a modernist art form and the postmodernist art form. The history of art reflects different periods that conveys the changing views of artists as to what art is all about and how they want to express themselves using it. In the late 1800’s, the birth of Modern Art became evident through the initiative of Édouard Manet and other painters later known as impressionists. Their goal was to express their individuality as artists while criticizing the government. They strove to break free from the rules imposed by academic institutions which were deemed as the sole authority on art. As the industrial age progressed and art evolved to include different types of media, various modern art movements developed and soon it became impossible to find a single trend to the period. Modern art encompassed movements such as cubism, surrealism, dada and pop-art as well as collage and 3D variant assemblage. These latter moveme nts opened the path to the new period of postmodern art. Perhaps the unifying theme of modern artists was their belief that art mattered – that it had real value. Whereas before art was used mainly to convey ideas of powerful religious and political institutions, the period of modern art gave artists more freedom to suggest personal meanings to their art forms. This gave birth to the expression art for art’s sake which suggests art without any religious or political intention. Other theorists claim that modern art’s defining characteristic.... This was the time when some modern art movements such as pop-art and minimalism slowly developed into what is now known as contemporary or postmodern art. The disillusionment with life's meaning that the effects of World War II brought about, was what made artists lose sight of the value of their art. During this period, artists rejected the idea that life (and art for that matter) has any intrinsic value. For them the world has been filled with reproduction and as such originality and individual expression are no longer valid goals. There is nothing new to create as all visual images are mere copies of previous copies. This emphasis on reproduction has led many artists to master production techniques such that they are able to make art without undergoing the traditional processes of learning perspective, composition, color theory and the other knowledge and skills required by traditional artists. With the emergence of new image-based technologies such as the television and computer, artists were able to manipulate this media and they managed to emerge with something new. Postmodern art also focused on gratifying modern consumer's wan t of novelty and entertainment and anything that would equally shock them. Thus the period saw the emergence of huge ice-sculptures, islands wrapped in pink polypropylene fabric and a large monolithic block filled with discarded computers as art with the latter even winning the prestigious Turner Prize. Art then has acquired a new meaning where concept takes precedence over aesthetics and craftsmanship becomes secondary. Film or motion pictures are series of images projected into a screen to create the illusion of motion. When these images are flashed in rapid succession, the eye through a phenomenon called

Summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 48

Summary - Assignment Example In this particular case, John Sweeney is found guilty of a double homicide of Mellissa Halstead and Paula Fields (Taylor, 2012). The article by Lamba on the other hand provides a guideline for tutors on how to improve the study of crime scenes in the classroom setting. The article clearly depicts the importance of a crime scenario in the determination of which methodology to use for the approach. Similar to a real crime scene, the classroom should have accurate tools and instruments for a CSI. This includes the proper division of responsibilities towards the specific objective of solving the crime. Generally, the article asserts that the proper approach towards studying a crime scene in the classroom is by providing accurate and real scenarios that contains all properties of a real crime scene (Lamba, 2013). Both articles share the same approach in analyzing a crime scene. Firstly, the two articles provide the importance of division of task in investigating a crime scene. In addition, each crime analysis should be done beyond any reasonable doubt by the crime scene manager. Evidence and document analysis should be done before a full report is done on the outcome of the investigation. Lamba, S. 2013. Forensic Science: How to Turn Your Classroom into a CSI Lab. The Guardian. Retrieved from

Algorithm to Prevent Obstacle Collision

Algorithm to Prevent Obstacle Collision Description: In this paper, we develop an algorithm to prevent collision with obstacles autonomous mobile robot based on visual observation of obstacles. The input to the algorithm is fed a sequence of images recorded by a camera on the robot B21R in motion. The information is then extracted from the optical flow image sequence to be used in the navigation algorithm. Optical flow provides important information about the state of the environment around the robot, such as the disposition of the obstacles, the place of the robot, the time to collision and depth. The strategy is to estimate the number of points of the obstacles on the left and right side of the frame, this method allows the robot to move without colliding with obstacles. The reliability of the algorithm is confirmed by some examples. Keywords: optical flow, the strategy of balance, focus of expansion, the time for communication, avoiding obstacles. 1. Introduction The term is used for visual navigation of robot motion control based on analysis of data collected by visual sensors. Golf visual navigation is of particular importance is mainly due to the vast amount of recorded video sensor materials. The aim of our work is to develop algorithms that will be used for the visual navigation of autonomous mobile robot. The input consists of a sequence of images that are constantly available navigation system while driving the robot. This sequence of images is provided by monocular vision system. Then, the robot tries to understand their environment to extract data from a sequence of image data, in this case, optical, and then uses this information as a guide for the movement. The strategy adopted to avoid collisions with obstacles during movement a balance between the right and left optical flow vectors. The test mobile robot models RWI-B21R. The robot is equipped with WATEC LCL-902 camera (see. Fig. 1). Visuals caught using Matrox Imaging cards at a rate of 30 frames per second. Fig. 1 The robot and the camera. Fig. 2 shows a flowchart of navigation. Fig. 2 Algorithm for prevention of obstacles. The first optical flow vectors are computed from image sequences. To make a decision about the orientation of the robot, the calculation of the position of the image plane in the DMZ is necessary because the control is transferred to the law with respect to the focus of expansion. Then, the depth map calculates the distance to an obstacle, to provide an immediate response to a short distance from the obstacle, or to give a signal to the robot to ignore obstacles. 2. Otsenka movement Movement in the sequence of images obtained by camera induced movement of objects in 3-D scene and / or camera motion. 3-D objects and the camera motion is a 2-D motion image plane via the projection system. It is a 2-D movements, also called apparent motion or optical flow, and should be the starting point of the intensity and color information of the video. Most of the existing methods of valuation movements are divided into four categories: basic techniques of correlation, the basic methods of energy, basic methods of parametric model and the basic methods of differentiation. We chose the technique of differentiation, based on the intensity of the preservation of a moving point for the calculation of the optical flow, for this purpose, the standard method of Horn and Schunck (Horn and Schunck manual, B., 1981). After calculating the optical flow, we use it for navigation solutions, such as trying to balance the number of left and right sides of the flow to avoid obstacles. 3. The laws of optical flow and management As well as the observation point moves through the environment, and the sample beam, reflecting this point varies continuously generates an optical flow. . One way in which the robot may use this information to a movement to achieve a certain type of flow. For example, to maintain the orientation of the environment, the type of optical flow does not flow at all requests. If some flow is detected, the robot should change their strength by producing their effectors (whether wings, wheels or legs). so as to minimize this flow, in accordance with the control law (Andrea, PD; William H. Lelise PK, 1998) .. Thus, the change of the internal forces of the robot (as against external forces such as wind) is a function of changes in the optical flow (here from a lack of flow to the minimum flow) .. The optical flow contains information about the location of the surface and the direction of the observation point called the focus of expansion (CLE), the time to contact (TTC), and depth. 3.1. The focus of expansion (RF) For the translational movement of the camera, the motion picture is always directed away from the only point of the corresponding projection of the vector transmission to the image plane. This point is called Focus Expansion (DF), it is calculated on the basis of the principle that the flux vectors are oriented in certain directions with respect to the focus of expansion. At full optical flow is the horizontal part of the DF horizontally located, in accordance with the situation in which the majority of the horizontal components of variance (Negahdaripour, S. Horn, CP 1989). It can be estimated using a simple counting method, which counts the horizontal components of the signs, which focus on each point of the image. At the point where the maximum divergence, the difference between the number of RF components on the left of the right and the number of components must be minimized. Similarly, we can appreciate the vertical position of the FF by identifying the positions of most of the vertical components. Fig. 3 Calculation of the DF. Fig. 4 shows the result of calculating the risk factors in indoor RF is shown as a red square in the image. Fig. 4 The result of the calculation of risk factors. We also use optical flow to estimate the remaining time of contact with the surface. 3.2. Contact time The contact time (VC) can be calculated from the optical flow, which is extracted from monocular image sequences acquired during the movement. Speed Image can be described as a function of the camera parameters and is divided into two periods depending on the rotation (Vt) and the translational components (Vr) at the camera speed (V), respectively. The rotational part of the flow field can be calculated from the proprioceptive data (for example, the rotation of the camera) and the focal length. After global variable optical flow is calculated, (Vt) is determined by subtracting (Vr) from (V). From translational optical flow contact time may be calculated by the formula (Tresilian, J., 1990): Here? is the distance from the point in question (xi yi) on the image plane, the focus of expansion (FR). Note how the flow rate indicating the length of vector lines increases as the distance from the focus of the image expansion. In fact, this distance is divided at a constant speed, and is a relative rate used to estimate the time of contact. In Fig. 5 we show the VC assessment transfer sequence. (A). The corresponding graph of VC (b) consistent with the theory. Fig. 5 Evaluation of the VC. 3.3. Calculating the depth (intensity) Using the optical flow field is calculated from two successive images, we can find information about the depth of each flow vector calculation by combining VC and speed of the robot while taking pictures. where X depth, V is the speed of the robot, and T VC (calculated for each optical flow vector). Fig. 6 Calculation of depth. Fig. 6 shows an image depth, which is calculated by the VC. The darkest point is near, while the brightest point is the farthest from the scene, so the brightest point is the navigation area of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹the robot. 3.4. Balance strategy for obstacle avoidance The basic idea behind this strategy is offset (parallax) movement, the robot translates nearest objects rise to more rapid movement on the retina than more distant objects. He also takes advantage of the prospects that closer objects also occupy a larger field of view, rejecting the average with respect to the associative flow. The robot turns away from the stronger flow. This control law is formulated: Here the difference in the strength of the two sides of the body of the robot, and Is the sum of the magnitude of the optical flow in the visual field of the hemispheres on one side of the header robot. We have implemented a strategy to balance our mobile robot. As we have shown in Fig. 7, the left optical beam (699, 24) is greater than the right (372, 03), so the solution is to turn to the right to avoid obstacles. (A chair to the left of the robot). Fig. 7 The result of the strategy of balance. 4. Experiments The robot has been tested in our laboratory robotics, robot containing, office chairs, office furniture and computer equipment. In the next experiment, we test the ability of the robot to detect obstacles using only the strategy of balance. Fig. 8 Robot vision. Fig. 8 shows a view from a camera robot initial snapshot. Fig. 9 The first decision. Fig. 9 (a) shows the result of a strategy of balance in which robots have to turn right to avoid the nearest obstacle (the board), and Fig. 9 (b) shows the corresponding depth image, which is calculated from the vector of the optical flow. We see that the brightest point is localized to the right of the image, which determines the navigation area of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹the robot. Fig. 10 shows a robot when it turns to the right. Fig. 10 Robot vision. Fig. 11 (a) shows the result of a balance strategy in which the robot must rotate to the left to avoid the walls, and Fig. 9 (b) shows the corresponding depth of the image in which the brightest point located on the left side of the image. Fig. 11 The second solution. Fig. 12 The robot is in motion. Figure 12 (a) pokazyvet picture robot in motion in our laboratory, and Figure 12 (b) shows the path that passes by the movement of the robot. We notice that the robot found two principal positions, in which it changes the orientation, position (1) fit into the image and the position of the board (2) corresponds to the wall. Fig. 13 Schedule contact time. Figure 13 shows a graph of left and right optical flow. At the beginning of the stream picture left more than the right, so the robot turns to the right, which corresponds to Figure 12 (d), then right flow increases until it is larger than the left, because the robot is approaching closer to the wall than to the board and we see an increase in the two columns (left and right flow) through the structure 13 in Figure 5, and then the robot turns left, to prevent the wall, it corresponds to position 2 in Fig. 12 (g). It can be seen that the robot successfully wandering around the lab, avoiding obstacles; however, we found that the lighting conditions critically important to detect obstacles, because the image produced by the camera is more noisy in low light and makes the optical flow estimation more wrong. 5. Conclusions The article describes how the optical flow which provides the ability of the robot to avoid obstacles, use control laws, called strategy of balance, whose main purpose is to detect the presence of objects close to the robot on the basis of information on the movement of image brightness. The main difficulty in the use of optic flow to navigate, is that it is unclear what is causing the change of gray values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹(motion vector or changing the lighting). Further improvement of the developed method is possible by connecting other sensors (sonar, infrared ), in cooperation with the sensor chamber. 6. Links Andrew, PD; William, H. Lelise, PK (1998). Environmental Robotics. Adaptive behavior, Volume 6, No. 3/4, 1998 Bergholm, F. Argyros, A. (1999). The combination of central and peripheral vision to navigate reactive robot, in the basis of IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Vol. 2, October 1999, pp. 356-362. Horn, KP Schunck, BG (1981). Determining optical flow. Artificial intelligence, à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾- 7, pp. 185-203, 1981. Negahdaripour, S. Horn, KP (1989). The direct method is to place the focus of expansion, comp. Visible Graph. Strongly Protsess.46 (3), 303-326, 1989. Sandidni, G.; Santos-victor, J .; Curotto, F. Gabribaldi, S. (1993). Divergent stereo navigation: learning in bees, in the proceedings of the Company IEEE Computer. Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, June 1993, pp. 434-439. Santos-victor, J. Bernardino, A. (1988). Visual behavior for binocular tracking, robotics and autonomous systems, with 137-148, 1998 Tresilian, J. (1990). Perception information Timing of capturing action, Perception 19: 223-239, 1990

To Know a Fly Essay example -- Vincent G. Dethier To Know a Fly Essays

To Know a Fly The book, To Know a Fly by Vincent G. Dethier, is about a scientist who fell in love with the fly. Professor Dethier isn’t like most scientists who are idolized for their accomplishments and rejected for the lack of ability to communicate with society. He was known for being an outstanding researcher, and he also had the wonderful gift of communication. The fact that he was fascinated by the knowledge that could be obtained from such a simple species, such as the fly, also made him popular with the public. The main focus of the book involves Professor Dethier designing and performing various experiments. Each experiment done by Professor Dethier is very simple, therefore the reader is informed, and as Professor Dethier adds interesting facts about the experiments of the fly the reader can interpret it easier. Professor Dethier begins the book by explaining how science and scientist are often misunderstood. He continues by stating that anyone can be a scientist if they want w ish. However, they must posses certain characteristics such as love for nature, curiosity of life, and a soaring imagination. After convincing the reader that they can understand and appreciate science, Professor Dethier begins to inform the reader about the fly. He begins by defending the fly. Most everyone has a mutual understanding that flies are pests and are often considered to be disease infested. Most people don’t even want to be in the presence of a fly. Moreover, flies aren’t ...

Mfn Status to India

MFN to India– The Pakistani Perspective Research Paper 2012 Zoya Mohsin Awan BBA2K9(s) 4/24/2012 Hatred, enmity, war; a few of the many things we associate with our neighboring country India. 1965, 1975 and the Kargil War of 1999; with Kashmir already a bone of contention, Pakistan has skipped loops by merely bringing thought of granting Most Favored Nation Status to India on the discussion table. Since WTO’s Charter requires every signatory to grant MFN status to other WTO members, there aren’t many if’s and but’s to ponder.What really is open for debate is whether we want to swallow the pill now, on our terms, or later when it might be forced down our throats on somebody else’s terms (India still hasn’t taken the violation of this basic principle to WTO). No matter which stance we chose, one thing is certain; this is the deal which defines the future course of Pakistan. And this is the deal which might be our chance of actually becom ing what we have the potential to become – ‘Pakistan’. Introduction: Pakistan and India have been under the lime-light ever since the partition of the sub-continent.During the 1960’s, Pakistan was labeled the ‘Asian tiger’ while India the ‘Basket Case’. Today however, the roles have been reversed. Through-out this period, the Indo-Pak trade kept showing a varied trend to the negative side as shown by the figure below: The volume of trade has remained low generally. MFN works towards the liberalization of trade which not only would give a forward momentum to the integration of both countries economically, but would also enhance their image on the international platform.Cheaper cost of production, exchange of skilled labor, education influx and the interest of the US and European economy into this region would help give the once coveted status of South Asia, back to the forces who originated it. Hence, a carefully reconciled MFN sta tus should be granted to India in order to achieve the long-term prosperity of our country. The Economic Perspective: After going through a large array of material debating this issue, two schools of thoughts generally emerge; the protagonists, who support the idea of non-discriminatory trade between both countries.And the antagonists, who believe such a measure, would only harm the economy by letting free-flow of cheaper Indian goods into the Pakistani market and well, narrow our options down on the Kashmir issue. The former debates, that by doing so not only do we get access to a potential market which is 8 to 9 times greater than ours, but it also gives us a dependable foundation of mutual dependence to minimize the security concerns across the border.India is swooping rooks and pawns off the economic chess board towards becoming the third biggest economy of the world, before it leads us up to a stalemate, this situation could be put to advantage for both countries. After all, In dia cannot keep prospering in a sustained manner if it neighbored by a nation terrorized by political and economic destabilization. So it would be an opportune time for Pakistan to bask in India’s glory. Practically speaking, this is the only way we could work towards a productive political debate for both the countries especially since the environmental strain after Mumbai attacks of 2008.After all, a long-standing peace arrangement can only nurture, if it contains within the deeply ingrained seed of mutual benefit. On the other hand, the antagonists argument that this ‘free-trade’ would open the floodgates to cheaper Indian products which in turn could harm Pakistan’s economy majorly. However, this could be a positive impact upon the Pakistani consumer since they gain access to imported Indian goods at a lower price. We also have Taiwan, Hong Kong and even China who are on our MFN list and have bombarded us with fierce competition in the past.Yet if our industries did not cave in to them and withheld own-selves then why fear India? Besides, if the Pakistani market demands a particular good from India, MFN status or not, it would be smuggled cross border anyway so why not legalize it to perk our own interests. Take the example of the Indian Cinema, years and years of culture seeped through the media towards us, while the Wagha Border remained bolted shut. The only issue here is, the Pakistani tax-payer is paying far more than it usually would have due to the added layers of cost of go-between trade via Dubai.Conversely, this news has drawn a mixed reaction from all the quarters of the business community. Some, like the auto-parts, pharmaceuticals and consumer goods industries, face hard-hitting competition. They fear that India is yielding better quality goods at a lower cost of production due to the economies of scale. On the other hand, industries like textile, entertainment and agriculture are in favor of granting the Most Favore d Nation status to India.These industries argue that trade estimated trade of almost $13 billion with India is being carried out illegally via cross-border smuggling and personal baggage. Also, indirect trade of an approximate worth of aroung $3-4 billion via third parties like UAE, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh is costing us a higher mark-up since the intermediary adds up their cost as well. So it is better to legitimize this ongoing process and reap some probable gain out of this situation. In support of this argument, I quote the former Finance Minister of Pakistan and Vice President of the World Bank, Shahid Javed Burki: what economics told us is that when trade between a huge and small economy started, smaller economy always benefited from that and what I believe that at macro level Pakistan would benefit, especially in industrial and agricultural sectors. Some sectors might get hurt, but not much as feared. † Published in The Express Tribune, April 3rd, 2012. Free-trade sp urs competitiveness which would encourage our local industries to raise their standards and produce quality goods. It has never really hurt any country and all the benefits from recent experience in the European Union, Asian etc, are there for everyone to see.It would in fact take a page from the book of John Locke by helping us attain a common ground of mutual-coexistence and economic interdependence to rely upon. The Regional Perspective: South East Asia by abroad-spectrum consensus is the least integrated of regions economically due to the disparity and animosity between Pakistan and India. Regional cooperation is must to attract heavy investment in today’s globalised world. Diminutive and splintered markets do not attract endowment by substantial investors.The European Union may be struggling to save the euro but one of Europe’s most significant successes is the creation of the frontier-free single market where goods, services and people can circulate untrammeled b y border restrictions. Similarly, Association of South East Asian Markets (ASEAN) is working towards building a common market for the whole region by following the European Union’s lead. It is high time India and Pakistan set aside their differences (or at least take small steps towards resolving them) for the overall welfare of the whole region.If we create an economic bloc like the sorts of EU or Middle-East, it would ensure a better bargaining position vis-a-vis other countries. Within the protective walls of regional economies, both countries would achieve specialization in various sub-sectors of the industry. Moreover, the strengthening of bilateral trade would provide a mutual cushion against financial or stock market shocks. With these two countries forging into one economic power, all of South Asia could become a better place monetarily.Another aspect of the MFN status would be to increase the ‘connectivity with central Asia’. If Indian goods are permitte d to transit through Pakistan, then the whole region will benefit. For illustration, the Indian state of Punjab is several thousand kilometers away from the seaports, but the farmers there and in the nearby states would be able to send their agricultural products to Central Asia if these are allowed freely through Pakistan. Same goes for Indian textiles and all the landlocked states which would be facilitated by their proximity to the Pakistani ports.The advent of MFN status will also help complete the implementation of the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI) gas pipeline, as a new environment of trust and cooperation prevails. Even more significantly, natural gas via pipeline will provide the Indian and energy deprived Pakistani industry with a massive boost in sectors ranging from petrochemicals to fertilizers; electric power production will increase dramatically' and a myriad of new commercial uses will be supported. In return Pakistan could profit from the easy transi t fee that it would receive as a royalty and it would only be possible if MFN status is rendered toIndia. Social Perspective: Trade is one social mobilizer which would generate benefits for both countries as well as their people. Talking about Pakistan singularly, 61. 3% of the people (according to the HDI reports) in Pakistan live below the poverty line. With a 15. 4% unemployment rate, Pakistan should not forego any opportunity that provides job opportunities to its masses. Poverty is but a challenge that can be overcome by pursuing ‘sustained pro-poor’ policies. One such policy is the granting of MFN status to India and lifting the trade barriers across border.India is a huge market and would provide a smaller country like Pakistan with access to a greater market and increase the demand for their product. This in turn would hoist the output and employment levels in both countries. Secondly, Since India shares a border with us, the freight cost and ease of access woul d increase the flow of a diverse product base at a lower cost, saving our country’s foreign exchange substantially. Pakistan could have entree to quality products in sectors like IT, electronics, transport gear etc.Thirdly, this legitimization might curb social atrocities like smuggling and illicit trade. This would increase the government revenue for Pakistan since all the goods would be traded under their accord. Another faucet where India surpasses many others in this region is its IT infrastructure. India is expected to contain the next Silicon Valley of the century considering its growth in the IT sector. Pakistan could benefit immensely from the inflow of this technology while India could gain advantage by the progress Pakistan has made in its agriculture and industry.Both countries could complement each other’s needs and strengths and hence prove beneficial to their people. The Cultural Perspective: With the advent of the prospect of MFN policy, both countries h ave started aiming towards more amiable business conditions hence easier visa-processing procedures have been bought on the discussion table since November 14, 2011. This would invigorate the static tourism industry between both countries. Both have many historical and religious places significant to the other.This would not only generate additional foreign exchange revenue, it would also help increase the people-to-people contact between both countries. Eventually, once the masses start interacting, peace would follow automatically between both regions. Generally, the relations between once brethren Pakistani and Indians are cordial and friendly. A common example would be how well Pakistani’s and Indian’s gel when they’re living abroad, out of the influence of their respectively acrid media’s. Delegations of trade bodies, academics, artists, sportsmen, social scientists and media personnel could be exchanged.This would invoke the once unbreakable cultura l bond between both nations considering how much value we place upon common games like cricket and hockey. Threats and Concerns: Although the benefits of granting the inevitable MFN status to India are tremendous, every step Pakistan takes should be guarded and well-thought of. There is no harm in protecting one’s own-self against any potential threats that might occur due to any hasty move we make, after all there are years of enmity that we need to overcome before taking huge steps.Firstly, WTO provisions allow members to impose safeguards restricting imports (for temporary periods) should such imports unfairly or seriously injure domestic producers. Pakistan should rightfully use this clause in case Indian goods start flooding the Pakistani market and ruin local producers. After all, trade should be liberalized but not at the cost of local industries. The second issue that should be considered is that India, despite its liberalization of trade to Pakistan in 1993, is still a restricting domain to us due to high tariff and non-tariff barriers.Prohibitive NTB’s have made our exports to India highly expensive while the trade deficit tilts highly towards Pakistan. We should bring this issue on the WTO summits and appeal to India to either reduce these NTB’s and other trade restricting clauses or grant a similar status quo to India. Pakistan’s business community generally has reservations because it does not have competitive pricing in many industries and goods. The automotive and pharmaceutical industries are prime examples of apprehension at granting India access to our market.In order to maintain local stabilization, we need to have all stakeholders to this situation aboard before we chalk out any definitive plan. Concessions should be granted to concerned parties for instance, the automobile industry should be assured that auto-parts would be imported instead of wholly assembled cars. Unbridled, unmanaged and uncontrolled liberali zation of trade would lead to chaos in any economy huge or small. Or policies could be formulated in such a way that they would be strict at first (as India’s’ have been since 1993) and then slowly tighten the nose and India shows signs of economic conciliation.Conclusion: In retrospect, is it really possible for Pakistan to identify India with bilateral economic prosperity, cross-border trade of culture, and easier visa transit? Political differences between India and Pakistan aside, there is no harm in trading with each other. Our leaders must take into consideration long-term benefits. India has a much better managed economy, but it cannot afford openness. On the other hand, Pakistan’s economy is not so closed, and it could take advantage in this regard.Pakistan, like other developing countries, has strong interest in the maintenance and strengthening of the multilateral rules-based trading system represented by the WTO. The current situation in South Asia in dicates that there are large unexploited opportunities for intra-regional trade that could be mutually beneficial. Diplomatic efforts towards this objective — however utopian, is well perceived to be the beginning of soft-ties between both countries. After all, it is said that where diplomacy ends the potential for war begins to take shape.Bibliography 1) Beteille, T. (2011). Pakistan’s Most Favored Nation Status to India: A Win-Win for the Region? blogs. worldbank. org . 2) Brown, C. (2006). The Implications of Liberalization of Trade with India. 3) Dr Monnoo, Kamal (2012). MFN status to India – An analysis! www. nation. com. pk. 4) Gupta, Sorojit. (2012). Pakistan to grant MFN status to India this year. www. timesofindia. com. 5) Dawn Newspaper and Articles. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. http://www. ishtiaqahmad. com/item_display. aspx? isting_id=725&listing_type= 1 [ 2 ]. http://blogs. worldbank. org/endpovertyinsouthasia/pakistan%E2%80%99s-most-favored-nation-status-india-win-win-region [ 3 ]. http://www. eastasiaforum. org/2011/12/03/what-the-most-favoured-nation-decision-means-for-india-and-pakistan/ [ 4 ]. http://www. himalmag. com/component/content/article/3644-magic-pipes. html [ 5 ]. http://nayyab. wordpress. com/2010/05/08/rising-unemployment-in-pakistan/ [ 6 ]. http://www. aninews. in/newsdetail2/story22210/india-welcomes-trade-ties-with-pak-eyes-mfn-visa-easing-process. html

Nicotine Addictions

Nicotine addiction is a serious mental disease and illness. There are currently 1. 35 billion smokers in the world today and that number is increasing at an alarming rate. Nicotine related diseases are the number one killer in the world. It is responsible for more deaths each year than drug and alcohol abuse, car crashes, AIDS, murder and suicide put together. There are few ways to fight this addiction, like rehab, the nicotine patch, nicotine gum, or the new drug, Chantix. Nicotine addiction is a serious mental disease and illness and it affects all ages. To first understand nicotine addiction you first need to understand why we start smoking in the first place and why we get hooked. Most people start smoking to relieve stress or anxiety, other people want to lose weight, teens succumb to peer pressure or they’re trying to look cool. Have you ever wondered why it’s so hard to go without eating, why we feel anxiety when bored and an â€Å"aahh† sense of relief when we finish a task? This was dopamine. When we feel hunger our dopamine pathways are teasing us with anticipation, wanting for food. If we keep wanting the anticipation may build into urges or even craves. Each bite that we take or drag off a cigarette stimulates the dopamine until we had enough and have become satisfied. While family members and loved ones are screaming at the smoker to stop, their brain dopamine pathways are screaming even louder that continuing to smoke is important as life itself. Nicotine addiction is permanent, just like alcohol there is one rule when you quit, just using once you will have to go back. It does not matter how much will power we have, the years of smoking, the recorded years of nicotine feeding have wired your brain for relapse. If this is true, that no matter how much will power you have you will go relapse. Then why are some social smokers able to continue and stop like its nothing while the rest of the smoking population got hooked. These social smokers are referred to as â€Å"chippers. † These â€Å"chippers† account for less than 10% of all smokers. Being immune to nicotine addiction is thought to be from genetics. Smokers who are hooked tend to feel sorry for themselves atching 10% walk away like its nothing, little do they realize they were once chippers to, at least for their first couple of cigarettes. Nicotine addiction affects all ages, there are many children who smoke around the world, take for example Ardi Rizal. Ardi Rizal is a two year Indonesian baby who smokes about 2 packs a day or 40 cigarettes. Smoking is normal in Indonesia it is the world 3rd largest leading tobacco consuming country in the world. A lot of adults who are around children will smoke; they will carry a baby in one hand and a cigarette on the other. His mother wants Ardi to quit, but her motivation for Ardi to quit was more on the spending 4 dollars a day other than his health. If Ardi does not smoke he throws tantrums, he has a scar on his head from running into a wall during one of his tantrums, and he also vomits when he cannot satisfy his addiction. The government has offered to pay the family with a brand new car and 100 thousand dollars if they help the baby stop smoking. Nicotine addiction affects all ages. The road to recovery from nicotine addictions is very hard. The first few days might feel like an emotional train wreck on the average smoker but as each passing day the challenge begins to grow less intense. In fact there are more ex-smokers in the United States then there are smokers! There are roughly 70% of daily smokers who want to stop. But few realize that they’re dealing with a permanent disorder and disease of the mind. A puff of nicotine is all it takes for relapse to occur. Usually it takes multiple fail attempts for the user to actually find the key to success. Every recovery is different, it be days, weeks, months, maybe even years to successfully quit smoking, to not feel the desire of a cigarette. There many types of treatment but no cure, there is the nicotine patch, rehab, nicotine gum and Chantix, Chantix has a 50% chance to help the smoker. Nicotine addiction is a serious mental disease and illness. Nicotine related disease causes 440,000 thousand deaths per year, 36,666 thousand per month, 8,461 thousand per week, 1,205 thousand per day, 50 per hour, in the United States alone. It is the number one killer around the world. Every cigarette that you smoke cuts 5 minutes off your life, the same time it takes to smoke it. Smoking just doesn’t cut a few months off the end of your life; it reduces the life of the average smoker by 12 years. Most people don’t think when lighting up especially teenagers, they don’t care about the cancer it causes, the things that it does to your body and physical appearance, that’s how addicted they are. They willing to ignore these facts for a death trap called tobacco.